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Saturday, December 17, 2005 La Conquistadora discovered unharmed in Valencia County mineCopies of Richard Melzer and Maggie McDonald's "Valencia County, New Mexico: History Through the Photographer's Lens" are available at the Harvey House Museum on First Street in Belen. The book makes a wonderful Christmas gift, of interest to every resident of Valencia County, old and new. All profits from book sales go to the Valencia County Historical Society. (La Historia del Rio Abajo is a monthly column about Valencia County history written by members of the Valencia County Historical Society. This month's article, the second in a two-part series, is based on information gathered at the Archives of the Archdiocese of Santa Fe, contemporary newspaper accounts and Fray Angélico Chávez's fine book, "La Conquistadora: The Autobiography of an Ancient Statue." The legend of Juan Soldado is based on a story written by Irene Sanchez, and is used with her kind permission.
Dr. Melzer, the article's author, is a professor of History at the University of New Mexico-Valencia Campus, the vice president of the Valencia County Historical Society and the president of the Historical Society of New Mexico. Opinions expressed in this and all columns of La Historia del Rio Abajo are the author's alone and not necessarily those of the Valencia County Historical Society or any other group or individual.) Last month's La Historia del Rio Abajo described the mysterious disappearance of La Conquistadora, the most famous statue of the Virgin Mary in New Mexico, stolen from her place of honor in St. Francis de Assisi Catholic Cathedral in Santa Fe on Sunday, March 18, 1973. Three weeks after La Conquistadora's kidnapping, the police and Catholic church officials had yet to receive word from her abductors, either by mail or by phone. The entire state held its collective breath. Thousands prayed for La Conquistadora's safe return. Many feared that the chances of recovering La Conquistadora grew dimmer as her kidnappers' trail grew colder. La Conquistadora was the most valuable piece of religious art in all of New Mexico. Created in Spain and transported to colonial Mexico by ship, the statue had been brought to New Mexico on the Camino Real (Royal Road) by December 1625. Forty-five years after her arrival on this far northern frontier, La Conquistadora had been hurriedly rescued from the main church in Santa Fe when the pueblo Indians rose up in rebellion. Killing at least 400 Spaniards, the rebels had destroyed all Catholic churches and most pieces of religious art found within them. La Conquistadora was fortunate to have been carried away in the arms of a devout woman named Josefa López Sambrano de Grijalva. About 2,000 Spanish survivors fled to El Paso, far to the south. As much a survivor as her fellow human exiles, La Conquistadora "resided" in an El Paso mission church from 1680 to 1693. When Don Diego de Vargas led the reconquest of New Mexico in 1693, he brought La Conquistadora as precious cargo on the first caravan of returning soldiers and settlers. Eighteen Franciscan missionaries sang hymns to the image of Mary as they transported her back to Santa Fe in a specially built two-wheeled vehicle. To celebrate the Spanish reconquest of New Mexico in 1693, La Conquistadora is traditionally carried at the head of the procession that leads from Rosario Chapel to St. Francis Cathedral in preparation for the Santa Fe Fiesta held in late August and early September each year. At least one older woman recalled a strange happening before this procession began the year before La Conquistadora's kidnapping in 1973. The woman remembered that when several men attempted to lift La Conquistadora at Rosario Chapel, the statue grew unbearably heavy, as if it wanted to remain at the chapel rather than return to the cathedral and imminent danger. Stories of suddenly heavy religious statues abound, but this one seemed particularly ominous in retrospect. The case of La Conquistadora's disappearance finally broke on Saturday, April 7, 1973. On that date, Father Miguel Baca at St. Francis Cathedral received a letter from someone who claimed to know of La Conquistadora's whereabouts. To prove that the ransom note was not bogus, the letter's envelope also contained a cross from La Conquistadora's crown. Written in poor Italian, the ransom note stated that La Conquistadora would be returned unharmed in exchange for a ransom of $150,000 and a promise from Gov. Bruce King that those involved in the crime would not face criminal prosecution. If church leaders agreed to these terms, Father Baca was instructed to ring the cathedral's bells exactly 10 times at 4:45 p.m. on Wednesday, April 11. If the bells were rung at the designated time, the kidnappers would deliver additional instructions by phone the following day. Encouraged, lead detectives Paul Baca and Mike Montoya told Father Baca to ring the cathedral's bells as instructed in the ransom note. The bells rang 10 times at precisely the right moment on April 11. Meanwhile, the police installed electronic equipment to intercept calls received in offices at St. Francis Cathedral. Detectives hoped they'd be able to trace incoming calls when the kidnappers attempted to communicate, as promised in their note. But the phone call never came on Thursday, April 12. Instead, church leaders and city police had to wait until 8:20 on Friday evening. Although this first phone contact did not last long enough to trace the caller, a second call, made moments later, produced the desired results, thanks to Father Baca's success in stalling the kidnapper. The call was traced to a residential address in Santa Fe. Events unfolded quickly. Armed with a search warrant, detectives Montoya and Baca rushed to the Santa Fe address and arrested their suspect, a slim 17-year-old Hispanic youth the police had had under surveillance for some time, thanks to the help of an informant whose identity was withheld for his (or her) protection. After two hours of questioning in his parents' presence, the teenager confessed and, in the process, implicated an 18-year-old friend who had attended high school in Santa Fe, but who now lived in northeast Albuquerque. The police arrested 18-year-old Arthur W. McComb within hours. The older boy was charged with larceny, desecration of a church, criminal damage of property and contributing to the delinquency of a minor. With a previous juvenile record, McComb was held on $40,000 bond. The Santa Fe minor was so cooperative that he agreed to lead the police to where La Conquistadora could be found. Eager to retrieve the statue as soon as possible, Montoya, Baca, Santa Fe police chief Felix Lujan and police captain Alfred Lucero accompanied the 17-year-old to La Conquistadora's location in the cold early morning hours of Saturday, April 14. Despite previous rumors that La Conquistadora had been hidden somewhere north of Santa Fe or south in Albuquerque, her actual location was in Valencia County. The minor, whose name was withheld because of his age, led police to the foothills of the Manzano Mountains, east of Los Lunas. The small group hiked about three miles, and, after crossing a stream, approached a remote, abandoned mine. Using only two flashlights, the men followed the youth about 200 yards into the mine. There the police finally found La Conquistadora, safely wrapped in foam padding and secured in a large plastic bag. Other stolen works of art were also discovered, including valuable missing artifacts from the San Miguel mission church. The detectives carefully carried La Conquistadora and the San Miguel art to their car and began the long journey home. La Conquistadora and her entourage arrived at Santa Fe police headquarters at 7 a.m. Bells from the nearby cathedral rang just as the police removed La Conquistadora from their vehicle. Newspapers across the Southwest announced La Conquistadora's recovery with banner headlines. Santa Fe's downtown merchants displayed pictures of the rescued statue in their storefront windows. Catholics uttered prayers of thanksgiving and planned both a grand procession and a solemn Mass to welcome La Conquistadora home. New Mexicans had much to celebrate. But there were many unsolved loose ends in this mystery. Where, for example, was La Conquistadora's crown? The statue's original crown had not been stolen in March because it was normally stored in a heavily insured First National Bank of Santa Fe vault. But La Conquistadora had been wearing an imitation gold crown when she'd been kidnapped and this second, still-valuable headpiece was missing when the statue was brought to police headquarters in Santa Fe. Detective Baca worried that in his haste to move La Conquistadora from the mine to his police car on April 14 the crown may have accidentally fallen off, unnoticed in the dim pre-dawn light. And so detectives Baca and Montoya returned to Valencia County by helicopter to retrace their steps to and from the abandoned mine in the Manzano Mountains. They searched for three hours on Monday, April 16, but found no sign of the crown. Instead, they discovered a large quantity of explosives in the mine, making La Conquistadora's survival in the mine even more miraculous. To everyone's relief, La Conquistadora's crown was soon discovered in an arroyo six miles south of Santa Fe where it had apparently been left by the teenage thieves. La Conquistadora's homecoming to St. Francis Cathedral took place on Sunday, April 29, 1973. Reporters on the scene noted that few people lined the streets of Santa Fe because most people--an estimated 2,500--took part in the procession itself. Three city blocks in length, the procession was the largest held in Santa Fe in many years. Appropriately, detectives Montoya and Baca were among those chosen to carry (and guard) La Conquistadora on her throne. According to the press, cathedral bells rang loudly and joyously throughout the momentous event. Once in St. Francis Cathedral, the capacity crowd watched as La Conquistadora was triumphantly placed back in her chapel to the north of the cathedral's main sanctuary. At 3 p.m. Archbishop James Peter Davis celebrated a solemn Mass of thanksgiving. Father Baca delivered the sermon. La Conquistadora was home at last. To the relief of many, La Conquistadora was able to play her traditional role in the annual procession during the 1973 Santa Fe Fiesta, less than four months later. As usual, her impressive entourage included Santa Fe policemen on motorcycles, a color guard bearing papal and American flags, the fiesta queen and her court, Catholic clergy, a choir, flower girls, the Confraternity of La Conquistadora and the Caballeros de Vargas, who bore the esteemed statue. And what became of the teenage thieves? After a two-month evaluation, a psychologist concluded that Arthur McComb had had an overriding "desire to become a master criminal." Only the prospect of a long prison term at the state penitentiary changed McComb's attitude and lifetime goal. In June 1973 he and his accomplice agreed to plea bargains. Showing overt remorse for his actions, McComb announced to the court that he was "finished with crime" and had devoted his life to God. Tried as an adult, McComb received the maximum sentence of one to five years in prison. Still a juvenile, McComb's younger friend was sentenced to the New Mexico State Boys School in Springer until he reached his 18th birthday. Some observers thought that these punishments were too mild. Others believed it would be best for the boys to serve longer prison terms for their own protection from the bitter public at large. But most New Mexicans were simply glad that La Conquistadora's ordeal was over and that she had somehow remained safe in a desolate mountain mineshaft. We can only speculate about how she escaped greater harm. Perhaps a legend of the Rio Abajo can help explain what transpired. According to this legend, a Spanish colonial soldier named Juan Soldado had discovered a valuable mine in the Manzano Mountains sometime in the 18th century. To this day, Juan's ghost reportedly guards his find from intruders who might try to steal the mine's riches for themselves. Even when travelers have discovered his treasure and have left items (from bandanas to rifles) to identify the mine's location, their markers have consistently disappeared when the men eventually returned to the area. Thanks to Juan, the remote location remained a secret for centuries. We can only speculate that Arthur McComb and his friend had found Juan's secluded mineshaft and had hidden La Conquistadora in it shortly after her abduction on March 18. It was a devout Juan who had kept watch over the statue and had assured its safety for the three weeks it remained in his mine. A good soldier, Juan had guarded the mine's entrance, keeping out trespassers and only permitting the police to enter so they could rescue the priceless icon at last. Pedro Ribera-Ortega, a highly respected leader of La Confradía de Nuestra Señora del Rosario, had a much different explanation of how La Conquistadora had survived. According to Ribera-Ortega, La Conquistadora had "allowed herself to be stolen to show us that we weren't taking care of our saints" and that security for the sacred statue needed to be vastly improved. If this was her intent, La Conquistadora succeeded. Security at St. Francis Cathedral has improved considerably, and church officials have gone so far as to have a replica of La Conquistadora made so the replica, known as La Conquistadora Peregrina (or the Traveling Conquistadora), can travel around the state while the original statue remains safely at home. La Conquistadora (or at least La Peregrina) returned to Valencia County when she visited Our Lady of Belen Church on April 30, 1998, as part of that year's Cuarto Centenario celebration. Arriving at noon in a chauffeured, air-conditioned RV, La Conquistadora was received by a crowd of devoted local parishioners. Twenty-five years and a day had passed since the statue's triumphant return to St. Francis Cathedral in 1973. The residents of Belen were glad to help La Conquistadora, the church and all New Mexicans celebrate the anniversary of a perplexing mystery of the Rio Arriba that was ultimately resolved to everyone's satisfaction in the Rio Abajo.
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